What is the AAOS normative end feel and ROM for shoulder external rotation?

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Multiple Choice

What is the AAOS normative end feel and ROM for shoulder external rotation?

Explanation:
AAOS norms for shoulder external rotation are measured with the arm at the side and the elbow flexed to 90 degrees. In this position, external rotation typically ends around 90 degrees, and the end feel is firm. That firm end feel reflects the stretch of the joint capsule and ligaments, plus the resisting muscle tone, rather than bone-on-bone contact. So the combination of 0-90 degrees ROM with a firm end feel matches the expected normative pattern. A ROM reaching 120 degrees would exceed normal external rotation, 75 degrees would be below norm, and a hard end feel would indicate a bony block rather than normal tissue constraint.

AAOS norms for shoulder external rotation are measured with the arm at the side and the elbow flexed to 90 degrees. In this position, external rotation typically ends around 90 degrees, and the end feel is firm. That firm end feel reflects the stretch of the joint capsule and ligaments, plus the resisting muscle tone, rather than bone-on-bone contact. So the combination of 0-90 degrees ROM with a firm end feel matches the expected normative pattern. A ROM reaching 120 degrees would exceed normal external rotation, 75 degrees would be below norm, and a hard end feel would indicate a bony block rather than normal tissue constraint.

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